为了一一解答这些问题,我们今天就来谈谈婴幼儿的乳房早发育——微小青春期(minipuberty)。
乳房早发育发生率及原因
据统计,乳房早发育的发生率呈逐年上升趋势,因年龄组及种族不同其差异较大:生后第1年发生率最高,第2年逐渐下降,第5年再次轻度升高;黑种人较白种人发生率高。有报道显示,2岁以内女孩发生率为0.6/1000至6.2/1000不等,2岁至8岁女孩发生率为0.1/1000至1.6/1000不等。单纯乳房早发育,可为单侧或双侧,通常Tanner分期
(如果发现宝宝的乳晕着色、乳头凸起,建议就诊)
大部分乳房早发育属于特发性的良性的青春期发育变异,且通常发生于2岁以内(可于出生时就出现乳房早发育)。大多数可自行消退,且未自行消退者大部分无继续进展,停留在乳房Tanner分期的B1至B2期。
但近年来报道显示,乳房早发育约10%-20% 可能会发展至中枢性性早熟,起病年龄越大(大部分是2岁以后),进展为中枢性性早熟的比例越大,而后者会影响孩子的生长发育及心理健康,需要我们早期识别和干预。因此,对于存在乳房早发育的婴幼儿,儿科医生会建议定期随诊观察,每隔3个月随访1次。在随访观察期间若出现可能提示真性性早熟的征象则进行医学检查。
怀疑孩子真性性早熟,医生会做如下检查:
如果怀疑宝宝性早熟,医学检查包括但不仅限于如下:
关于中枢性性早熟的患儿是否需要常规行头颅影像学检查,国内外的指南有所不一样,国外推荐6岁以下中枢性性早熟女孩及所有中枢性性早熟男孩均需行头颅MRI检查,而国内指南除上述所指以外,还强调6至8岁的中枢性性早熟女孩出现快速性发育征象或出现神经系统表现(如头痛、视物模糊等)时,亦建议行头颅MRI检查。
部分孩子可能需要行乳腺超声检;
少数情况下会出现乳房结节持续存在和/或进行性增大的情况,但不伴有提示真性性早熟的征象,临床怀疑为乳房肿块而并非乳房早发育时,为明确乳房肿块性质、预后和指导治疗,会建议行乳腺超声检查。
说到这里,相信大多数家长对女孩乳房的早发育情况都有了初步的认识,最后让我们来小结一下:
参考资料:
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15.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-precocious-puberty?source=search_result&search=normal+puberty&selectedTitle=3%7E150.
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